Pregnancy Care Utilization, Experiences, and Outcomes Among Undocumented Immigrants in the United States: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Undocumented immigrants face many barriers in accessing pregnancy care, including language differences, implicit and explicit bias, limited or no insurance coverage, and fear about accessing services. With the national spotlight on maternal health inequities, the current literature on undocumented immigrants during pregnancy requires synthesis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the literature on pregnancy care utilization, experiences, and outcomes of undocumented individuals in the United States. METHODS: We performed a scoping review of original research studies in the United States that described the undocumented population specifically and examined pregnancy care utilization, experiences, and outcomes. Studies underwent title, abstract, and full-text review by two investigators. Data were extracted and synthesized using descriptive statistics and content analysis. RESULTS: A total of 5,940 articles were retrieved and 3,949 remained after de-duplication. After two investigators screened and reviewed the articles, 29 studies met inclusion criteria. The definition of undocumented individuals varied widely across studies. Of the 29 articles, 24 showed that undocumented status and anti-immigrant policies and rhetoric are associated with decreased care utilization and worse pregnancy outcomes, while inclusive health care and immigration policies are associated with increased prenatal and postnatal care utilization as well as improved pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The small, heterogeneous literature on undocumented immigrants and pregnancy care is fraught with inconsistent definitions, precluding comparisons across studies. Despite areas in need of further research, the signal among published studies is that undocumented individuals experience variable access to pregnancy care, heightened fear and stress regarding their status during pregnancy, and worse outcomes compared with other groups, including documented immigrants.

The effect of dose-interval on antibody response to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Vaccination against COVID-19 is highly effective in preventing severe disease and hospitalization, but primary COVID mRNA vaccination schedules often differed from those recommended by the manufacturers due to supply chain issues. We investigated the impact of delaying the second dose on antibody responses to COVID mRNA-vaccines in a prospective cohort of health-care workers in Quebec. Methods: We recruited participants from the McGill University Health Centre who provided serum or participant-collected dried blood samples (DBS) at 28-days, 3 months, and 6 months post-second dose and at 28-days after a third dose. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV2 spike (S), the receptor-binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid (N) and neutralizing antibodies to the ancestral strain were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We examined associations between long (≤89 days) versus short (<89 days) between-dose intervals and antibody response through multivariable mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, prior covid infection status, time since vaccine dose, and assay batch. Findings: The cohort included 328 participants who received up to three vaccine doses (>80% Pfizer-BioNTech). Weighted averages of the serum (n=744) and DBS (n=216) cohort results from the multivariable models showed that IgG anti-S was 31% higher (95% CI: 12% to 53%) and IgG anti-RBD was 37% higher (95% CI: 14% to 65%) in the long vs. short interval participants, across all time points. Interpretation: Our study indicates that extending the covid primary series between-dose interval beyond 89 days (approximately 3 months) provides stronger antibody responses than intervals less than 89 days. Our demonstration of a more robust antibody response with a longer between dose interval is reassuring as logistical and supply challenges are navigated in low-resource settings.

Relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in excess-weight Latin children.

BACKGROUND: Excess weight, inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR) are associated, but the prevalence of and biomarkers for IR in Latin children are unknown. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IR in prepubertal and pubertal Latin children with excess weight and explore the usefulness of different biomarkers of low-grade inflammation for identifying IR status. METHODS: Sixty-eight children (31 boys, 37 girls; approximately 11 years of age) with excess weight (overweight and obese) and 20 healthy normal-weight children (12 boys, 8 girls; approximately 12 years of age) were included. Anthropometric parameters, insulin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and myeloperoxidase were assessed and IR was determined by homeostasis model assessment index (cutoff points: 2.67 and 2.22 in prepubertal boys and girls and 5.55 and 3.82 in pubertal boys and girls, respectively). Intergroup differences were compared, correlations were investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and IR. RESULTS: The prevalence of IR among overweight children was 62%. IL-6 levels differed between overweight and obese boys, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, hs-CRP, and sCD40L differed between obese and normal-weight boys. In contrast, sCD40L levels were increased in overweight versus normal-weight girls, while MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and sCD40L differed between obese and normal-weight girls. Furthermore, MCP-1 and sCD40L levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were positively correlated with IR; however, a stepwise regression analysis that adjusted for the body mass index (BMI) z score, sex, and age showed that none were good predictors of IR status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IR is high among Latin children with excess weight. Although some inflammatory biomarkers differed among groups, none robustly predicted IR.

Correlation between Health and eHealth Literacy and a Healthy Lifestyle: A Cross-Sectional Study of Spanish Primary Healthcare Patients.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy and eHealth literacy play a crucial role in improving a community's ability to take care of themselves, ultimately leading to a reduction in disparities in health. Embracing a healthy way of living is vital in lessening the impact of illnesses and extending one's lifespan. This research delves into the link between the health and eHealth literacy levels of individuals accessing primary healthcare services and investigates how this relates to adopting a health-conscious lifestyle. METHODS: The approach involves a cross-sectional examination carried out at a healthcare facility in the Madrid region of Spain, focusing on adult patients who are in need of primary care nursing services. Health and eHealth literacy and a healthy lifestyle were measured using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ), the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ), and the "PA100" questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: Only some of the dimensions of the HLQ and eHLQ were significantly related to a healthy lifestyle, predominantly with a very low or low relationship. Dimension three of the HLQ and dimension five of the eHLQ acquired more importance and were positioned as positive predictors of a healthy lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: This study helps comprehend the relationship between health and eHealth literacy and a healthy lifestyle, which provides information that contributes to understanding the factors that might have a higher impact on lifestyles.

Videoconferencing psychotherapy from a psychodynamic point of view. A qualitative analysis.

There is a growing interest in delivering videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP) due to the enormous impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our lives since the beginning of severe restrictions worldwide in March 2020. Scientific literature has provided interesting results about the transition to remote sessions and its implications, considering different psychotherapy orientations. Less is known about whether and how VCP affects psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approaches and reports on remote work with severe and complex mental health problems such as severe personality disorders are still scarce. The aim of the study was to examine the experiences of psychodynamic psychotherapists, mainly delivering Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP), with the transition and delivery of VCP during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Four hundred seventy-nine licensed psychotherapists completed an online survey during the peak of the pandemic. Survey data were analyzed using qualitative analysis. Results are presented and discussed concerning advantages and disadvantages regarding the access to psychotherapy, the specificity of the online video setting, bodily aspects, the quality of the therapeutic relationship, the therapeutic process including technical aspects and therapist's experience. Furthermore, we analyzed and discussed the statements concerning transference and countertransference reactions differentiating between high-level borderline and neurotic patients and low-level borderline patients. Our results support the importance to identify patients who potentially benefit from VCP. Further research including more prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the therapeutic implications of the findings.

Communication Preferences During Pregnancy Care Among Patients With Primary Spanish Language: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Qualified language service providers (QLSPs)-professional interpreters or multilingual clinicians certified to provide care in another language-are critical to ensuring meaningful language access for patients. Designing patient-centered systems for language access could improve quality of pregnancy care. OBJECTIVE: We synthesized and identified gaps in knowledge about communication preferences during pregnancy care among patients with Spanish primary language. METHODS: We performed a scoping review of original research studies published between 2000 and 2022 that assessed communication preferences in Spanish-speaking populations during pregnancy care. Studies underwent title, abstract, and full-text review by three investigators. Data were extracted for synthesis and thematic analysis. RESULTS: We retrieved 1,539 studies. After title/abstract screening, 36 studies underwent full-text review, and 13 of them met inclusion criteria. Two additional studies were included after reference tracing. This yielded a total of 15 studies comprising qualitative (n = 7), quantitative (n = 4), and mixed-methods (n = 4) studies. Three communication preference themes were identified: language access through QLSPs (n = 7); interpersonal dynamics and perceptions of quality of care (n = 9); and information provision and shared decision-making (n = 8). Although seven studies reported a strong patient preference to receive prenatal care from Spanish-speaking clinicians, none of the included studies assessed clinician Spanish language proficiency or QLSP categorization. CONCLUSIONS: Few studies have assessed communication preferences during pregnancy care among patients with primary Spanish language. Future studies to improve communication during pregnancy care for patients with primary Spanish language require intentional analysis of their communication preferences, including precision regarding language proficiency among clinicians.

Cultural brokering in pregnancy care: A critical review.

People who speak languages other than English face structural barriers in accessing the US healthcare system. With a growing number of people living in countries other than their countries of birth, the impact of language and cultural differences between patients and care teams on quality care is global. Cultural brokering presents a unique opportunity to enhance communication and trust between patients and clinicians from different cultural backgrounds during pregnancy care-a critical window for engaging families in the healthcare system. This critical review aims to synthesize literature describing cultural brokering in pregnancy care. We searched keywords relating to cultural brokering, pregnancy, and language in PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL and traced references of screened articles. Our search identified 33 articles. We found that cultural brokering is not clearly defined in the current literature. Few of the articles provided information about language concordance between cultural brokers and patients or clinicians. No article described the impact of cultural brokering on health outcomes. Facilitators of cultural brokering included: interprofessional collaboration within the care team, feeling a family connection between the cultural broker and patients, and cultivating trust between the cultural broker and clinicians. Barriers to cultural brokering included: misunderstanding the responsibilities, difficulty maintaining personal boundaries, and limited availability and accessibility of cultural brokers. We propose cultural brokering as interactions that cover four key aims: (1) language support; (2) bridging cultural differences; (3) social support and advocacy; and (4) navigation of the healthcare system. Clinicians, researchers, and policymakers should develop consistent language around cultural brokering in pregnancy care and examine the impact of cultural brokers on health outcomes.

Experiences and Communication Preferences in Pregnancy Care Among Patients With a Spanish Language Preference: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore Spanish-speaking patients' experiences and preferences regarding communication during pregnancy care with specific attention to language barriers. METHODS: Patients with a Spanish language preference who gave birth between July 2022 and February 2023 at an academic medical center were invited to participate in focus groups. Focus groups were held over Zoom, audio-recorded, transcribed in Spanish, translated into English, and reviewed for translation accuracy. Thematic analysis was conducted with deductive and inductive approaches. Three investigators double-coded all transcripts, and discrepancies were resolved through team consensus. RESULTS: Seven focus groups (27 total participants, range 2-6 per group) were held. Three key themes emerged regarding patient experiences and communication preferences when seeking pregnancy care: 1) language concordance and discordance between patients and clinicians are not binary-they exist on a continuum; 2) language-discordant care is common and presents communication challenges, even with qualified interpreters present; and 3) language discordance can be overcome with positive interpersonal dynamics between clinicians and patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of relationship to overcome language discordance among patients with limited English proficiency during pregnancy care. These findings inform potential structural change and patient-clinician dyad interventions to better meet the communication needs of patients with limited English proficiency.

EgoActive: Integrated Wireless Wearable Sensors for Capturing Infant Egocentric Auditory-Visual Statistics and Autonomic Nervous System Function 'in the Wild'.

There have been sustained efforts toward using naturalistic methods in developmental science to measure infant behaviors in the real world from an egocentric perspective because statistical regularities in the environment can shape and be shaped by the developing infant. However, there is no user-friendly and unobtrusive technology to densely and reliably sample life in the wild. To address this gap, we present the design, implementation and validation of the EgoActive platform, which addresses limitations of existing wearable technologies for developmental research. EgoActive records the active infants' egocentric perspective of the world via a miniature wireless head-mounted camera concurrently with their physiological responses to this input via a lightweight, wireless ECG/acceleration sensor. We also provide software tools to facilitate data analyses. Our validation studies showed that the cameras and body sensors performed well. Families also reported that the platform was comfortable, easy to use and operate, and did not interfere with daily activities. The synchronized multimodal data from the EgoActive platform can help tease apart complex processes that are important for child development to further our understanding of areas ranging from executive function to emotion processing and social learning.

'Learning by doing', a model for improving the promotion of healthy lifestyles by student nurses.

BACKGROUND: 'Learning by doing' is a learning model based on performing actions and gaining experience. The 'nursing process' is a systematic, rational method for providing nursing care. During their university education, nursing students need to acquire the ability to promote healthy lifestyles. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a learning strategy based on learning by doing and grounded in the use of the nursing process, on the lifestyle of nursing students. METHODS: This quasi-experimental intervention (before-after), performed over 2011-2022, involved 2300 nursing students at a university nursing school in Spain. The risk factors for chronic diseases-being a smoker, being overweight, or having high blood pressure-to which each student was exposed were recorded. Those positive for at least one risk factor selected companion students as 'support nursing students' who became responsible for designing an individualised care plan to reduce the risk(s) faced. To ensure the correct use of the nursing process, teachers approved and monitored the implementation of the care plans. Whether risk-reduction objectives were met was determined three months later. RESULTS: The students with risk factors largely improved their lifestyles (targets for reducing smoking/body weight were met) with the help of their supporting peers. CONCLUSIONS: The learning by doing method demonstrated its effectiveness, improving the lifestyle of at-risk students via the use of the nursing process.

Un punto de partida: opiniones de adultos sobre proyectos de vida para la vejez / A starting point: opinions of adults on life projects for old age

Contexto: El envejecimiento de la población plantea varias cuestiones fundamentales. ¿Cómo podemos ayudar a las personas a que sigan siendo independientes y activas a medida que envejecen? El Proyecto de Vida es un concepto que ha estado vinculado a la necesidad del ser humano de buscar su bienestar. Puede pensarse que, si una persona cuenta con un proyecto de vida preconcebido, al llegar a la vejez su tiempo estará orientado a continuar con metas previamente visualizadas. Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de los adultos sobre su proyecto de vida para la vejez en un área urbana de Tucumán. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo desde un abordaje fenomenológico. Los sujetos estudiados fueron adultos entre 45-59 años, de ambos sexos. Se constituyeron dos grupos focales. Resultados: se obtuvieron las siguientes categorías descriptivas: "Un callejón ¿con salida?", "Descartados y desechos", "Encaminarnos a la vejez", "Revolución de la longevidad", "Un poco de esto, un poco de aquello". Conclusión: Este estudio evidenció las opiniones que tiene un grupo de adultos de Tucumán sobre proyectos de vida para la vejez, identificándose cómo el fenómeno de ageísmo influye en su proyección a futuro. Se vio la importancia de repensar la vejez sin la estigmatización o discriminación social, considerando acompañar activamente a la población en edad prejubilatoria (AU)

Context: The aging of the population raises several fundamental questions. How can we help people to remain independent and active as they age? The Life Project is a concept that has been linked to the need of human beings to seek their well-being. It may be thought that if a person has a preconceived life project, when they reach old age their time will be oriented to continue with previously visualized goals. Objective: To know the opinion of adults about their life project for old age in an urban area of Tucumán. Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out from a phenomenological approach. The subjects studied were adults between 45-59 years old, of both sexes. Two focus groups were formed. Results: the following descriptive categories were obtained: "An alley with an exit?", "Discarded and discarded", "Towards old age", "Longevity revolution", "A little of this, a little of that". Conclusion: This study evidenced the opinions that a group of adults from Tucumán have about life projects for old age, identifying how the phenomenon of ageism influences their future projection. The importance of rethinking old age without stigmatization or social discrimination was seen, considering actively accompanying the pre-retirement age population (AU)

Aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de pacientes tratados con ventilación invasiva en cuidados intensivos / Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of patients treated with invasive ventilation in intensive care unit i: en

Introducción: La ventilación mecánica es una parte esencial de la atención terapéutica a los pacientes ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a pacientes tratados con ventilación invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 108 pacientes tratados con ventilación mecánica invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial General Orlando Pantoja Tamayo del municipio de Contramaestre, en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2022. En el análisis estadístico se utilizaron la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje para las variables cualitativas, así como la media y la desviación estándar para las cuantitativas, además de la prueba de la Χ2, con un nivel de confianza de 95 %, para demostrar asociación entre dichas variables. Resultados: En la serie primaron los pacientes del sexo femenino (55,5 %), en edad avanzada (47,3 %), con desnutrición (52,8 %), ventilación mecánica por más de 96 horas (63,9 %) y una puntuación superior a 2 (60,5 %) según la escala de insuficiencia orgánica; presentaron complicaciones 30,6 % y fallecieron 48,1 %. La neumonía fue la causa más frecuente de inicio de la ventilación invasiva (36,1 %). Conclusiones: Existió una elevada frecuencia de féminas en edades avanzadas y con desnutrición. De igual modo, la evaluación secuencial de insuficiencia orgánica tuvo relación con la mortalidad y las causas que condujeron a la ventilación invasiva estuvieron asociadas a muerte y complicaciones.

Introduction: Mechanical ventilation is an essential part of the therapeutic care for patients admitted to intensive care units. Objective: To characterize clinical and epidemiologically the patients treated with invasive ventilation. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 108 patients treated with invasive mechanical ventilation was carried out in the Intensive Cares Unit of Orlando Pantoja Tamayo General Provincial Hospital in Contramaestre municipality, in Santiago de Cuba province, from January to December, 2022. In the statistical analysis, the absolute frequency and the percentage were used for the qualitative variables, as well as the mean and the standard deviation for the quantitative ones, in addition to the chi-square test with a confidence level of 95% to demonstrate association between these variables. Results: In the series, there was a prevalence of the female patients (55.5%) at advanced ages (47.3%) with malnutrition (52.8%), mechanical ventilation during more than 96 hours (63.9%), and a punctuation higher than 2 (60.5%) according to the scale of organic failure; 30.6% presented complications and 48.1% died. Pneumonia was the most frequent cause in beginning invasive ventilation (36.1%). Conclusions: There was a high frequency of females at advanced ages and with malnutrition. Besides, the sequential evaluation of organic failure was related to mortality and the causes that led to invasive ventilation were associated with death and complications.

Attitudes and Behaviors towards Vaccination in Portuguese Nursing Students.

Knowing the attitudes and behaviors of nursing students in relation to vaccination is important because they will soon be determinant for the health literacy of the population. Vaccination remains the most effective response in the fight against communicable diseases, including COVID-19 and influenza. The objective of this study is to analyze the attitudes and behaviors of Portuguese nursing students with regard to vaccination. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with data collection from nursing students at a university in Lisbon, Portugal. A sample of 216 nursing students was obtained, representing 67.1% of the students enrolled in this university. What stands out from the results of the questionnaire "Attitudes and Behaviors in Relation to Vaccination among Students of Health Sciences" is that for the majority of students the answers were positive; in addition, 84.7% had a completed vaccination schedule for COVID-19. Being a nursing student, being in the final years of the course and being a woman are the factors that most influence the positive attitude of the students. The results obtained are motivating, because these students will be the future health professionals most likely to integrate health promotion programs through vaccination.

Evaluation of the use of a nursing diagnosis Risk for Falls in the Community of Madrid (Spain) Primary Care System.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the use of the nursing diagnosis Risk for Falls in Primary Care System of the Community of Madrid. METHODS: A retrospective review of the clinical histories was carried out in 262 health centers from January 2005 to December 2015. The study population are the patients who have recorded in their electronic health record the nursing diagnosis Risk for Falls. FINDINGS: Frequency of use of the Risk for Falls ND in the Community of Madrid was 53,340 diagnoses, increasing from 650 nursing diagnosis in 2005 to 14,695 in 2015. NOC Nursing Outcomes total identified were 109,145, which represents an average of 2.05 NOC Nursing Outcomes per diagnosis. NOC Nursing Outcomes frequently appeared as follows: Fall Prevention Behavior (35.9%), Safe Home Environment (11.3%), and Risk Control (10.5%). NIC Nursing Interventions total identified were 104,293, representing an average of 1.96 NIC nursing interventions per diagnosis. NIC Nursing Interventions frequently appeared as follows: Fall Prevention (45.9%), Environmental Management: Safety (27%), and Risk Identification (5.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Nursing diagnosis of Risk for Falls and the care process related to this diagnosis is starting to be used by the primary care nurses of the Community of Madrid. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Risk factors related to the nursing diagnosis of risk for falls identified in our study can be addressed with activities that nurses must implement to prevent falls. Nursing methodology in general and specifically the diagnosis of risk for falls must be included in guides and protocols for the prevention of falls, and its use should be promoted by primary care nurses.

Factors Influencing eHealth Literacy among Spanish Primary Healthcare Users: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Adequate eHealth literacy levels empower people to make informed decisions, enhancing their autonomy. The current study assessed a group using primary care services for their eHealth literacy and examined its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: Adult patients in need of primary care nursing services participated in this cross-sectional study, which was carried out in a healthcare center in the Madrid region of Spain. Through systematic random sampling, 166 participants were chosen for the study. The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire was used to assess eHealth literacy (eHLQ). RESULTS: The studied population showed higher eHealth literacy scores in dimensions 2 ("understanding of health concepts and language") and 4 ("feel safe and in control"); the lowest scores were recorded for dimensions 1 ("using technology to process health information"), 3 ("ability to actively engage with digital services"), and 7 ("digital services that suit individual needs"). People with completed secondary education and a better-perceived health status who were younger and employed showed a higher level of eHealth literacy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings advance our knowledge of the variables affecting eHealth literacy. We may be able to understand patients' needs and provide them with greater support if we can pinpoint the areas where they demonstrate the lowest eHealth literacy.

Flu Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non-Vaccination in Military Health Corps Personnel 2016-2017 and 2019-2021.

(1) Background: Vaccination is the most effective intervention to control seasonal influenza morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to determine the influenza vaccination coverage in the Military Health Corps personnel in the 2020−2021 season, as well as the time trend and the possible influence of the pandemic on coverage, in order to study the reasons that led to the non-vaccination of health professionals and to analyze adverse drug reactions (ADRs). (2) Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2021. All FAS CMS personnel were included. A self-administered questionnaire was sent by e-mail to the selected personnel. (3) Results: Vaccination coverage in the 2016−2017 season was 15.8% (n = 276), in the 2019−2020 season it was 17.41% (n = 424), and in the 2020−2021 season it was 24.22% (n = 590). The percentage of vaccinated men was higher than the percentage of women. In 2019 and 2020 the most vaccinated group was 31−40 years old. Lieutenants had the highest vaccination uptake in 2019 and 2020. The personnel with the highest uptake of vaccines were those in the specialty of nursing in each of 2016, 2019 and 2020, with >30 years of time worked in 2016. In terms of factors leading to refusal of vaccination, the most reported was "not considered a risk group" (23.0%), and the least reported was "avoidance of vaccine administration" (2.2%). Eighty individuals presented adverse reactions after vaccine administration (9.6%). (4) Conclusions: The rate of influenza vaccination among healthcare professionals was lower during the 2020 season compared to the previous season, but was expected to increase in the upcoming 2021 season.

Vaccine Coverage against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in Health Sciences Students during COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain.

Vaccination against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 is recommended in health sciences students to reduce the risk of acquiring these diseases and transmitting them to patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the pandemic influenced the modification of influenza vaccination coverage during the 2019/2020 and 2021/2022 campaigns and to analyze the vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 in health sciences students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of the Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry of the Complutense University of Madrid. A questionnaire was administered in two stages, the first, Q1, before the start of the pandemic, where we analyzed influenza coverage during the 2019/2020 campaign and a second, Q2, 18 months after the start of the pandemic where we analyzed influenza coverage during the 2021/2022 campaign and coverage against SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1894 students (58.78% of the total of those enrolled) participated. Flu vaccination coverage increased from 26.7% in Q1 to 35.0% in Q2 (p < 0.05), being higher in the age group older than 21 years, who studied nursing, were in their fourth year and lived with people at risk. Vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 was very high (97.8%), especially in students vaccinated against influenza. Coverage of the influenza vaccine in health sciences students increased from 2019-2020 to 2021-2022, being higher in the age group older than 21 years, who studied nursing, were in their first and fourth year and lived with people at risk. Coverage of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in health sciences students was very high, especially in those vaccinated against influenza.

The Attitude towards Vaccination of Health Sciences Students at a Spanish University Improved over the First 18 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

It is important to know the attitudes of students of health sciences (SHSs) towards vaccination since they will be tomorrow's health professionals. Vaccination is a powerful tool in the fight against COVID-19. The aim of the present, cross-sectional study was to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the attitude of SHSs towards vaccination. Data were collected in the form of a questionnaire from all students of nursing, physiotherapy and chiropody matriculated at a Madrid University for the academic year 2019/2020 (i.e., before the start of the pandemic [Q1]), and from all those matriculated for the year 2021/22 (i.e., c18 months after the pandemic was declared [Q2]). A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the influence of sex, degree being studied, course year and the time of answering (Q1 or Q2), on the dimensions Beliefs, Behaviours and General Attitude. Overall, 1894 questionnaires were returned (934 [49.3%] for Q1, and 960 [50.7%] for Q2), of which 70.5% were completed by students of nursing, 14% by students of physiotherapy and 15.4% by those studying chiropody. In Q2, the results for all three dimensions were significantly better (p < 0.05). The most important influencing factors were being a student of nursing, being in the final years of training (years 3 or 4), female gender and answering at the time of Q2. The results obtained are encouraging since student nurses (who showed Q1 and Q2 General Attitude scores of 3.34 and 3.47 (maximum possible 4), respectively [p < 0.05]) are the health professionals of tomorrow most likely to be involved in vaccination programmes.

Use of Different Food Classification Systems to Assess the Association between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Cardiometabolic Health in an Elderly Population with Metabolic Syndrome (PREDIMED-Plus Cohort).

The association between ultra-processed food (UPF) and risk of cardiometabolic disorders is an ongoing concern. Different food processing-based classification systems have originated discrepancies in the conclusions among studies. To test whether the association between UPF consumption and cardiometabolic markers changes with the classification system, we used baseline data from 5636 participants (48.5% female and 51.5% male, mean age 65.1 ± 4.9) of the PREDIMED-Plus ("PREvention with MEDiterranean DIet") trial. Subjects presented with overweight or obesity and met at least three metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria. Food consumption was classified using a 143-item food frequency questionnaire according to four food processing-based classifications: NOVA, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), International Food Information Council (IFIC) and University of North Carolina (UNC). Mean changes in nutritional and cardiometabolic markers were assessed according to quintiles of UPF consumption for each system. The association between UPF consumption and cardiometabolic markers was assessed using linear regression analysis. The concordance of the different classifications was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC3, overall = 0.51). The highest UPF consumption was obtained with the IARC classification (45.9%) and the lowest with NOVA (7.9%). Subjects with high UPF consumption showed a poor dietary profile. We detected a direct association between UPF consumption and BMI (p = 0.001) when using the NOVA system, and with systolic (p = 0.018) and diastolic (p = 0.042) blood pressure when using the UNC system. Food classification methodologies markedly influenced the association between UPF consumption and cardiometabolic risk markers.

Attitude towards Vaccination among Health Science Students before the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Health science students are tomorrow's health professionals, the duties of whom could include vaccination. This work examines the general attitude towards vaccination in students attending the Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Chiropody at a university in Madrid, Spain, using the 'Attitudes and Behaviour With Regard To Vaccination Among Health Science Students Questionnaire'. The results were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify the influence of sex, the degree being pursued, and 'course year'. The number of students vaccinated against influenza in the campaign preceding the present study was also recorded, as were the factors that influenced decision-making in this regard. A total of 934 students completed the questionnaire. Their beliefs regarding vaccination were positive (mean score 3.23 points out of 4), as was their behaviour (3.35/4). Their general attitude (all variables taken together) was therefore also good (3.27/4). Only 26.8% of the students had been vaccinated against influenza. Beliefs scores among the students of nursing in their more senior course years were significantly better than those recorded for all other groups. These students also showed the best general attitude towards vaccination and formed the largest group vaccinated against influenza. The results obtained are encouraging since nursing students are the most likely of future healthcare professionals to be involved in vaccination programmes.